ABSTRACT This study assessed the microbiology, clinical syndromes, and outcomes of oncologic patients with viridans group streptococci isolated from blood cultures between January 1st, 2013 and December 31st, 2016 in a referral hospital in Mexico using the Bruker MALDI Biotyper. Antimicrobial sensitivity was determined using BD Phoenix 100 according to CLSI M100 standards. Clinical information was obtained from medical records and descriptive analysis was performed.Forty-three patients were included, 22 females and 21 males, aged 42 ± 17 years. Twenty (46.5%) patients had hematological cancer and 23 (53.5%) a solid malignancy. The viridans group streptococci isolated were Streptococcus mitis, 20 (46.5%); Streptococcus anginosus, 14 (32.6%); Streptococcus sanguinis, 7 (16.3%); and Streptococcus salivarius, 2 (4.7%). The main risk factors were pyrimidine antagonist chemotherapy in 22 (51.2%) and neutropenia in 19 (44.2%) cases, respectively. Central line associated bloodstream infection was diagnosed in 18 (41.9%) cases. Septic shock occurred in 20.9% of patients, with an overall mortality of 18.6%. Only four S. mitis revealed penicillin-resistance.Our results are similar to those of other series, identifying these bacteria as emerging pathogens with significant morbidity and mortality in oncologic patients. The MALDI-TOF system increased the rate of viridans group streptococci isolation in this population.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the trend of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains isolated from blood in patients with cancer from 2005 to 2015. Materials and methods: 33 127 blood cultures were processed by retrospective analysis. Identification and antimicrobial sensitivity were performed through automated methods: WaLK away (Siemens Laboratory Diagnostics) and BD Phoenix (Becton, Dickinson and Company). Resistant strains were determined according to the minimum inhibitory concentration, following the parameters of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: Of 6 397 isolates, 5 604 (16.9%) were positive; 3 732 (58.4%) Gram- bacilli; 2 355 (36.9%) Gram+ cocci; 179 (2.7%) yeasts, and 126 (1.9%) Gram+ bacilli. Escherichia coli (n=1 591, 24.5%) was the most frequent bacteria, with 652 (41%) strains being extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producers (ESBL); of Enterococcus faecium (n=143, 2.1%), 45 (31.5%) were vancomycin resistant; of Staphylococcus aureus (n=571, 8.7%), 121 (21.2%) methicillin resistant (MRSA); of Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=367, 5.6%), 41 (11.2%) ESBL; of Acinetobacter baumanii (n=96, 1.4%), 23 (24%) MDR, and of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=384, 5.6%), 43 (11.2%) MDR. MDR strains were significantly more frequent in patients with hematological malignancies, compared to those with solid tumors: MRSA (OR=4.48, 95%CI 2.9-6.8), ESBL E. coli (OR=1.3, 95%CI 1.10-1.65) and MDR Acinetobacter baumanii (OR=3.2, 95%CI 1.2-8.3). Conclusions: We observed significantly higher isolations of E-ESPAKE MDR strains in patients with hematological malignancies.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la tendencia de cepas multidrogorresistentes (MDR) aisladas en hemocultivos de pacientes con cáncer durante el periodo de 2005 a 2015. Material y métodos: Análisis retrospectivo en el que se procesaron 33 127 hemocultivos. La identificación y la sensibilidad antimicrobianas se realizaron a través de métodos automatizados WaLK away (Siemens Laboratory Diagnostics) y BD Phoenix (Becton, Dickinson and Company). Se determinaron cepas resistentes de acuerdo con la concentración mínima inhibitoria, según los parámetros del Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Resultados: 5604 (16.9%) aislamientos fueron positivos, con 6397 aislamientos, 3732 (58.4%) bacilos gramnegativos, 2355 (36.9%) cocos grampositivos, 179 (2.7%) levaduras y 126 (1.9%) bacilos grampositivos. Escherichia coli (n=1 591, 24.5%) fue la bacteria más frecuente, 652 (41%) productoras de beta-lactamasas de espectro-extendido (BLEE); Enterococcus faecium 143 (2.1%), 45 (31.5%) resistente a vancomicina; Staphylococcus aureus 571 (8.7%), 121 (21.2%) resistentes a meticilina (SARM); Klebsiella pneumoniae 367 (5.6%), 41 (11.2%) BLEE, Acinetobacter baumannii 96 (1.4%), 23 (24%) MDR; Pseudomonas aeruginosa 384 (5.6%), 43 (11.2%) MDR. Las cepas MDR se aislaron más frecuentemente en pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas en comparación con tumores sólidos; SARM (RM=4.48, IC95% 2.9-6.8); E. coli BLEE (RM=1.3, IC95% 1.10-1.65) y A. baumannii-MDR (RM=3.2, IC95% 1.2-8.3). Conclusiones. Se observó un aislamiento significativamente mayor de cepas E-ESKAPE MDR en pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the trend of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains isolated from blood in patients with cancer from 2005 to 2015. Materials and methods: 33 127 blood cultures were processed by retrospective analysis. Identification and antimicrobial sensitivity were performed through automated methods: WaLK away (Siemens Laboratory Diagnostics) and BD Phoenix (Becton, Dickinson and Company). Resistant strains were determined according to the minimum inhibitory concentration, following the parameters of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: Of 6 397 isolates, 5 604 (16.9%) were positive; 3 732 (58.4%) Gram- bacilli; 2 355 (36.9%) Gram+ cocci; 179 (2.7%) yeasts, and 126 (1.9%) Gram+ bacilli. Escherichia coli (n=1 591, 24.5%) was the most frequent bacteria, with 652 (41%) strains being extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producers (ESBL); of Enterococcus faecium (n=143, 2.1%), 45 (31.5%) were vancomycin resistant; of Staphylococcus aureus (n=571, 8.7%), 121 (21.2%) methicillin resistant (MRSA); of Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=367, 5.6%), 41 (11.2%) ESBL; of Acinetobacter baumanii (n=96, 1.4%), 23 (24%) MDR, and of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=384, 5.6%), 43 (11.2%) MDR. MDR strains were significantly more frequent in patients with hematological malignancies, compared to those with solid tumors: MRSA (OR=4.48, 95%CI 2.9-6.8), ESBL E. coli (OR=1.3, 95%CI 1.10-1.65) and MDR Acinetobacter baumanii (OR=3.2, 95%CI 1.2-8.3). Conclusions: We observed significantly higher isolations of E-ESPAKE MDR strains in patients with hematological malignancies.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la tendencia de cepas multidrogorresistentes (MDR) aisladas en hemocultivos de pacientes con cáncer durante el periodo de 2005 a 2015. Material y métodos: Análisis retrospectivo en el que se procesaron 33 127 hemocultivos. La identificación y la sensibilidad antimicrobianas se realizaron a través de métodos automatizados WaLK away (Siemens Laboratory Diagnostics) y BD Phoenix (Becton, Dickinson and Company). Se determinaron cepas resistentes de acuerdo con la concentración mínima inhibitoria, según los parámetros del Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Resultados: 5604 (16.9%) aislamientos fueron positivos, con 6397 aislamientos, 3732 (58.4%) bacilos gramnegativos, 2355 (36.9%) cocos grampositivos, 179 (2.7%) levaduras y 126 (1.9%) bacilos grampositivos. Escherichia coli (n=1 591, 24.5%) fue la bacteria más frecuente, 652 (41%) productoras de beta-lactamasas de espectro-extendido (BLEE); Enterococcus faecium 143 (2.1%), 45 (31.5%) resistente a vancomicina; Staphylococcus aureus 571 (8.7%), 121 (21.2%) resistentes a meticilina (SARM); Klebsiella pneumoniae 367 (5.6%), 41 (11.2%) BLEE, Acinetobacter baumannii 96 (1.4%), 23 (24%) MDR; Pseudomonas aeruginosa 384 (5.6%), 43 (11.2%) MDR. Las cepas MDR se aislaron más frecuentemente en pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas en comparación con tumores sólidos; SARM (RM=4.48, IC95% 2.9-6.8); E. coli BLEE (RM=1.3, IC95% 1.10-1.65) y A. baumannii-MDR (RM=3.2, IC95% 1.2-8.3). Conclusiones. Se observó un aislamiento significativamente mayor de cepas E-ESKAPE MDR en pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the incidence and patterns of bacterial resistance in urine samples from a tertiary care oncology hospital in Mexico, from 2004 to 2013. Materials and methods: We included the strains obtained from urine cultures, describing separately multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. We analyzed the susceptibility to different antibiotics. Results: 51 202 urine cultures were processed during the study; 14 480 (28.3%) cultures were positive. In 11 427 samples Gram negative (79%) were isolated, 2 080 Gram positive (14.4%), and 973 yeasts (6.6%). Escherichia coli was the most frequent bacteria identified (56.1%); 24% of the community strains and 65.7% of the nosocomial were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers (ESBL). Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in 705 samples (4.8%); 115 were ESBL (16%), 13.1% from community and 29.8% from nosocomial source. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified in 593 cultures (4.1%): 9% from community and 51% nosocomial. Conclusions: MDR bacteria were more frequent in nosocomial isolates. It should be a priority to intensify the rational use of antimicrobials in the community and antibiotic stewardship in the hospital.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir los patrones de resistencia bacteriana en cultivos de orina de pacientes de un hospital oncológico en la Ciudad de México, de 2004 a 2013. Material y métodos: Se obtuvo el porcentaje de susceptibilidad para diferentes antibióticos, describiendo por separado las bacterias multidrogorresistentes (MDR). Se analizaron por separado las cepas obtenidas de pacientes hospitalizados de las de la comunidad. Resultados: Se realizaron 51 202 cultivos, de los cuales se identificaron 14 480 bacterias (28.3%). De éstas, se reportaron 11 427 Gram negativos (78.9%); 2 080 Gram positivos (14.4%); y 973 (6.6%) levaduras. Escherichia coli fue el principal microorganismo aislado (56.1%); 24% de las cepas de la comunidad y 66% de las nosocomiales fueron productoras de beta-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). Klebsiella pneumoniae se identificó en 705 cultivos (4.8%), 115 de los cuales fueron BLEE (16%): 13.1% de la comunidad y 29.8% nosocomiales. Pseudomonas aeruginosa se identificó en 593 cultivos (4.1%): 9% de la comunidad y 51% nosocomiales. Conclusiones: Las cepas MDR son mucho más frecuentes en muestras de origen nosocomial. Es prioritario intensificar el uso racional de antibióticos en la comunidad y el programa de desescalamiento de antimicrobianos en el hospital.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the incidence and patterns of bacterial resistance in urine samples from a tertiary care oncology hospital in Mexico, from 2004 to 2013. Materials and methods: We included the strains obtained from urine cultures, describing separately multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. We analyzed the susceptibility to different antibiotics. Results: 51 202 urine cultures were processed during the study; 14 480 (28.3%) cultures were positive. In 11 427 samples Gram negative (79%) were isolated, 2 080 Gram positive (14.4%), and 973 yeasts (6.6%). Escherichia coli was the most frequent bacteria identified (56.1%); 24% of the community strains and 65.7% of the nosocomial were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers (ESBL). Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in 705 samples (4.8%); 115 were ESBL (16%), 13.1% from community and 29.8% from nosocomial source. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified in 593 cultures (4.1%): 9% from community and 51% nosocomial. Conclusions: MDR bacteria were more frequent in nosocomial isolates. It should be a priority to intensify the rational use of antimicrobials in the community and antibiotic stewardship in the hospital.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir los patrones de resistencia bacteriana en cultivos de orina de pacientes de un hospital oncológico en la Ciudad de México, de 2004 a 2013. Material y métodos: Se obtuvo el porcentaje de susceptibilidad para diferentes antibióticos, describiendo por separado las bacterias multidrogorresistentes (MDR). Se analizaron por separado las cepas obtenidas de pacientes hospitalizados de las de la comunidad. Resultados: Se realizaron 51 202 cultivos, de los cuales se identificaron 14 480 bacterias (28.3%). De éstas, se reportaron 11 427 Gram negativos (78.9%); 2 080 Gram positivos (14.4%); y 973 (6.6%) levaduras. Escherichia coli fue el principal microorganismo aislado (56.1%); 24% de las cepas de la comunidad y 66% de las nosocomiales fueron productoras de beta-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). Klebsiella pneumoniae se identificó en 705 cultivos (4.8%), 115 de los cuales fueron BLEE (16%): 13.1% de la comunidad y 29.8% nosocomiales. Pseudomonas aeruginosa se identificó en 593 cultivos (4.1%): 9% de la comunidad y 51% nosocomiales. Conclusiones: Las cepas MDR son mucho más frecuentes en muestras de origen nosocomial. Es prioritario intensificar el uso racional de antibióticos en la comunidad y el programa de desescalamiento de antimicrobianos en el hospital.